Factors Potentially Influencing Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Hyperglycemia in Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes - Clinical Studies in Humans

نویسنده

  • Henrik Wagner
چکیده

The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes involve an interaction between β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR). The resulting hyperglycemia, as well as other clustered cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in T2D, constitutes a severe hazard for development of complications to the disease. To optimally treat these risk factors, it is vital to antagonize the mechanisms of the metabolic disorder. This thesis presents results from studies aiming to understand the mechanisms and effects of some interesting modes of intervention in subjects with T2D, prediabetes and IR. Study I: The effects of exercise training for twelve weeks, with or without the addition of the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, were examined in 48 subjects with T2D and moderate hyperglycemia. Exercise training augmented insulin sensitivity, and improved body composition and blood pressure, but glycemic control was unchanged. When exercise and acarbose were combined, glycemic control was significantly improved, in addition to similar benefits as with exercise alone. Moreover, the overall CV risk factor profile was probably improved with the combination therapy, suggesting it to be an interesting treatment alternative. Study II: The associations between changes in mRNA expression in skeletal muscle of selected key genes, involved in muscle adaptation to exercise, and individual response to physical training were assessed in 19 individuals from study I. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was associated with change in insulin sensitivity and glycemic control. This could constitute a mechanism that contributes to the known variation in the individual adaptation to exercise. Study III: The impact of dual endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor blockade infusion was investigated in eleven males with IR. The study showed that the dual blockade increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, both in the basal and the insulin-stimulated state. The finding supports that endogenous ET-1 is important in regulating muscle glucose uptake in IR. Moreover, in vitro studies in cultured skeletal muscle cells demonstrated that ET-1 inhibits glucose uptake by a receptor dependent mechanism, indicating a direct impact on muscle cells by ET-1. Study IV: Intervention with high-dose vitamin D3 treatment for eight weeks was studied in 43 individuals with prediabetes or drug-naïve T2D, especially with respect to change in β-cell function. No significant effect was seen in first-phase insulin secretion, nor could we detect any effects on second-phase insulin secretion, IR or glycemic control. The study gives no support for treatment with vitamin D in subjects with abnormal glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, combined treatment with exercise and acarbose proved superior to exercise alone. Further, a favorable response to physical training could involve increase in VEGF. In IR, ET-1 seems to be directly involved in muscle glucose uptake. And finally, we found no effect of vitamin D treatment on insulin secretion or IR in prediabetes and mild T2D. POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING PÅ SVENSKA Mekanismerna bakom typ 2 diabetes (T2D) och förstadier till sjukdomen består av en kombination av minskad förmåga till insulinproduktion från bukspottskörteln och motstånd mot insulinets effekter i kroppen, så kallad insulinresistens. Detta orsakar förhöjt blodsocker, som tillsammans med andra riskfaktorer som är vanliga vid T2D, ger en påtagligt ökad risk för hjärtkärlsjukdom (t.ex. hjärtinfarkt och stroke). För att på bästa sett kunna behandla denna risk är det viktig att motverka mekanismerna bakom sjukdomen. Den här avhandlingen består av ett antal studier där jag har försökt förstå mekanismer och effekter av några olika intressanta behandlingar. Jag har undersökt dessa på personer med T2D, förstadier till diabetes samt hos dem med insulinresistens. Studie I: Jag studerade effekten av fysisk träning, med eller utan tillägg av en medicin som fördröjer upptaget av socker från tarmen (akarbos). Träning ensamt minskade insulinresistens, kroppsfett och blodtryck, men inte blodsockret. När träning kombinerades med akarbos såg jag samma positiva effekter, men även en sänkning av blodsockret. Troligen så blev flera andra riskfaktorer också bättre med den kombinerade behandlingen, som därför verkar vara ett intressant sätt att behandla T2D. Studie II: Olika personer får olika bra effekt av träning. Jag undersökte om det kunde bero av hur vissa gener kopplas på i musklerna. Jag fann att genen för en faktor som är viktig för att bilda nya kärl (VEGF) verkade vara viktig för om träningen gav mindre insulinresistens och bättre långtidssocker. Studie III: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) är ett kroppseget ämne som framförallt drar ihop kärl. Genom att blockera effekten av endothelin-1 kunde vi se att upptaget av blodsocker i muskler ökade. I odlade muskelceller minskade också ET-1 sockerupptaget, vilket tyder på att ET-1 har en direkt effekt på cellerna. Studie IV: Det finns en del forskning som har talat för att D-vitamin skulle kunna påverka blodsockret. Jag lottade personer till en hög dos D-vitamin eller placebo (overksam medicin). Undersökningen kunde inte visa att D-vitamin hade någon effekt på insulinproduktion, IR eller blodsockerkontroll. Sammanfattningsvis så var kombinationsbehandling med träning och akarbos bättre än träning ensamt. Att få bra effekt av träning kan till viss del bero av faktorn VEGF i musklerna. ET-1 verkar ha en direkt effekt på blodsockerupptaget i muskelceller. Och slutligen så kunde jag inte se några positiva effekter av D-vitamin på mekanismer bakom blodsockerbalansen. LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS I. Wagner H, Degerblad M, Thorell A, Nygren J, Stahle A, Kuhl J, Brismar TB, Ohrvik J, Efendic S, Båvenholm PN. Combined treatment with exercise training and acarbose improves metabolic control and cardiovascular risk factor profile in subjects with mild type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1471-7. II. Wagner H, Fischer H, Degerblad M, Alvarsson M, Gustafsson T. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in response to exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor A expression. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2016;13(5):361-6. III. Shemyakin A, Salehzadeh F, Böhm F, Al-Khalili L, Gonon A, Wagner H, Efendic S, Krook A, Pernow J. Regulation of glucose uptake by endothelin-1 in human skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(5):2359-66. IV. Wagner H, Alvarsson M, Mannheimer B, Degerblad M, Östenson CG. No Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment on β-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, or Glucose Homeostasis in Subjects With Abnormal Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(3):345-52. CONTENTS

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تاریخ انتشار 2016